| \n Year\n <\/td>\n | \n Percentage\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| \n 2000\/2001\n <\/td>\n | \n 51.2%\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| \n 2002\/2003\n <\/td>\n | \n 48%\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
|
Foreword<\/b><\/p>\n
background<\/i><\/p>\n
For several years now, Mercator-Education has made efforts to achieve one of its principal goals: to gather, store and distribute information on minority language education in European regions. Regional or minority languages are languages which differ from the official language of the state where they are spoken and which are traditionally used within a given territory by nationals of that state forming a group numerically smaller than the rest of the state’s population. <\/p>\n
The success of this series of regional dossiers has shown a need for documents stating briefly the most essential features of the educational system of regions with an autochthonous lesser used language. With the establishment of regional dossiers we intend to meet this need. <\/p>\n
aim<\/i><\/p>\n
Regional dossiers aim at providing concise descriptive information and basic educational statistics about minority language education in a specific region of the European Union. This kind of information, such as features of the educational system, recent educational policies, division of responsibilities, main actors, legal arrangements, support structures, and also quantitative information on the number of schools, teachers, pupils and financial investments, can serve several purposes. <\/p>\n
target group<\/i><\/p>\n
Policy makers, researchers, teachers, students and journalists may use the information provided to assess developments in European minority language schooling. They can also use a regional dossier as a first orientation towards further research or as a source of ideas for improving educational provision in their own region. <\/p>\n
link with EURYDICE<\/i><\/p>\n
In order to link these regional descriptions with those of national educational systems, it was decided to follow the format used by Eurydice, the European education information network in the European Union. Eurydice provides information on the administration and structure of education in member states of the European Union. The information provided in the regional dossiers is focussed on language use at the various levels of education. <\/p>\n
contents<\/i><\/p>\n
The remainder of this dossier consists firstly of an introduction to the region under study, followed by six sections each dealing with a specific level of the educational system. These brief descriptions contain factual information presented in a readily accessible way. Sections eight to ten cover research, prospects and summary statistics. For detailed information and political discussions about language use at the various levels of education, the reader is referred to other sources with a list of publications. <\/p>\n
1 Introduction<\/b><\/p>\n
language<\/i><\/p>\n
Kashubian (or „Cassubian“, in Kashubian: kasz\u00ebbizna) is a West Slavic language spoken in northern Poland in the province of Pomerania (wojew\u00f3dztwo pomorskie), mainly in the counties (powiaty) of Gda\u0144sk\/Gdu\u0144sk, Gdynia\/ Gdini\u00f4, Wejherowo\/Wejrow\u00f2, Puck\/P\u00f9ck, L\u0119bork\/L\u00e3b\u00f2rg, Byt\u00f3w\/B\u00ebtow\u00f2, Kartuzy\/Kart\u00f9ze, Ko\u015bcierzyna\/K\u00f2sc\u00e9rzna and Chojnice\/Ch\u00f2jnice. <\/p>\n
The Kashubs (in Kashubian Kasz\u00ebb\u00eb, in Polish Kaszubi) inhabit an area of some 6,000 square kilometres on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea \u2013 a rectangular area approx. 130 km long and 50 km wide. <\/p>\n
Historically and paleoethnologically, the Kashubs are said to be direct descendants of the Pomeranians, a Slavic people that inhabited the Baltic coast between the Vistula (Wis\u0142a) and the Oder (Odra) rivers, perhaps even as far westward as the Elbe, in the early Middle Ages, and who long constituted a serious threat to the Lekhits \u2013 the ancestors of what later would be the Polish nation. The modern history of Kashubian began in the mid-19th century, with ideas brought by the Spring of Nations and the pan-Slavic movement (cf. Majewicz 1996, Treder 1997, Wicherkiewicz 2000). Since then, the sense of ethnic, regional and linguistic identity has been strengthened by the efforts of various Kashubian writers. <\/p>\n
Nowadays, the Kashubian language area is located within the Polish state and simultaneously within the Polish linguistic area, and it is its geographic location that has determined the history, political and social conditions of its population. Kashubian has developed linguistic contacts with Polish (standard and dialectal) and German (standard High German and Low German dialects; cf. Zieniukowa 1997).
\nKashubian is divided into numerous local dialects. Some dialectologists estimate that number at over 50; they can, however, be divided into three main groups: northern, central, and southern. <\/p>\n
As far as literature, a bibliography of books in Kashubian published between 1944 and 1992 lists 172 titles. This number has grown significantly in the last decade, as some 10-20 new titles of books in Kashubian are being published yearly, among them first translations of world literature such as A. A. Milne’s Winnie the Pooh (translated by B. Szyma\u0144ska & T. Wicherkiewicz). The most important anthologies and handbooks of Kashubian literature are Neureiter 1973, Drze\u017cd\u017con 1986 and Neureiter 1991. <\/p>\n
An annual competition of Kashubian poetry and recitation Rodn\u00f4 m\u00f2w\u00f4 („mother tongue“) has been organized for almost 20 years. The last two years also brought enormous popularity to the Kashubian spelling dictation competition; the recent edition being attended by 74 participants. <\/p>\n
As far as the press in Kashubian, there are some media in the regional language:
\n– Pomerania, with an educational supplement Naj\u00f4 \u00f9czba – in Polish and Kashubian.
\n– \u00d2droda (http:\/\/www.zk-p.pl\/odroda) entirely in Kashubian.
\n–\tNorda \u2013 a weekly supplement in Kashubian and Polish to the daily Dziennik Ba\u0142tycki [reachable only in northern region of Kashubs. \u2013 annotation D. V. Pa\u017edjerski.]
\n– Prz\u00ebj\u00f4c\u00e9l ludu Kasz\u00ebbscz\u00e9g\u00f2. Przyjaciel ludu Kaszubskiego. Friend of the Kashubian People \u2013 a trilingual newsletter of the Kashubian Association of North America (http:\/\/ka-na.org).
\n–\t[Zw\u00f3nk Kasz\u00ebbsczi. Kashubian bell \u2013 entirely Kashubian letter of students of Higher Priest School in Pelplin (zwonk@o2.pl). \u2013 annot D. V. Pa\u017edjerski]
\nFurthermore there are two [three. \u2013 annot. D. V. Pa\u017edjerski] Kashubian youth clubs active: Pomorania (students’ club [www.pg.gda.pl\/~pomorani\/ . \u2013 annot. D. V. Pa\u017edjerski]) and Tatcz\u00ebzna (http:\/\/www.zk-p.pl\/tatczezna) [and Klub Sztud\u00e9r\u00f3w Kasz\u00ebb\u00f3w (zwonk@02.pl). \u2013 annot. D. V. Pa\u017edjerski]. <\/p>\n
Besides numerous folk ensembles in almost every village and town of Kashubia, there are two fashionable youth pop groups that perform in Kashubian: Ch\u00ebcz and K\u00f9tin. <\/p>\n
Kashubian also plays a role in ICT nowadays. The year 2003 saw the first ever word processor in Kashubian (Kasz-ed, http:\/\/www.kaszubia.com\/pl\/komputery\/ kaszed.htm), the international coding standard (CSB) for Kashubian (http:\/\/www.kaszubia.com\/kasz\/komputre\/ kaszebsczi_html.htm), Kashubian fonts (http:\/\/www. kaszubia.com\/kasz\/komputre\/pdf.com) and a Kashubian Internet browser (http:\/\/k-meleon.kaszubia. com). <\/p>\n
population<\/i><\/p>\n
The area inhabited by the Kashubs has diminished significantly over the centuries. The origin of the Kashubs as an ethnic group can be found among the Pomeranians (cf. above). The Pomeranians moved eastward under the pressure of German colonization and the Slavic elements east of the Oder river disappeared. The Kashubian territory has not changed significantly since the 18th century, apart from specific losses in the western region (present counties of S upsk\/Sl\u00ebpsk, L\u0119bork\/L\u00e3b\u00f2rg and Byt\u00f3w\/B\u00ebtow\u00f2), inhabited earlier by Protestant Kashubs and their linguistic subgroup \u2013 Slovincians. Periods of Germanization alternated with waves of Polonization. As the Kashubs were traditionally Catholic, their nobility and middle classes assimilated with the Polish majority. <\/p>\n
During the 20th century, the population of Kashubs was estimated as follows:
\n– 1900 \u2013 102 thousand,
\n– 1910 \u2013 111 thousand,
\n– 1926 \u2013 155 thousand,
\n– 1968 \u2013 140-150 thousand,
\n– 1975 \u2013 150-220 thousand. <\/p>\n
According to the results of the first ever sociodemographic and sociolinguistic research in the late 1980s, the number of Kashubs (i.e. persons who regard themselves as Kashubs or „half-Kashubs“) has been estimated to be between 350 and 500 thousand, including 150-250 thousand of those who were familiar with or could speak Kashubian to some degree (Iskierski & Latoszek 1995). The region of Kashubia is inhabited by a total of 1.5 million people. <\/p>\n
The population census of 2002 (the first since 1931!) contained two questions dealing with the questions of „nationality“ and „home language“:<\/p>\n
1. „Which nationality do you most identify with?“
\n2. „Which language(s) do you speak most often at home?“ <\/p>\n
A total of 5,062 persons answered „Kashubian“ for the first question, almost all of whom reside in the Province of Pomerania (4,897). Answers to the second question were „Kashubian“, „Kashubian and Polish“ and „Polish and Kashubian“ (no distinct data have been published), given by 52,665 persons – cf. http:\/\/sp.stat.gov.pl\/spis\/ludnosc\/ tab_wynik.xls. <\/p>\n
Several thousand Kashubs live abroad; worth mentioning are Kashubian enclaves in Ontario, Canada. <\/p>\n
As the Kashubs are traditionally very much affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, developments concerning the position of Kashubian in religious life are of extreme importance. At present, masses are celebrated in Kashubian on a weekly basis (in one parish), once a month (in 23 parishes), and 4-5 times a year (in 8 parishes). <\/p>\n
In addition to the two translations of the New Testament mentioned below, the publication of a prayer book (Go\u0142\u0105bk & Pryczkowski 1998) is also worth mentioning. <\/p>\n
language status<\/i><\/p>\n
Until the 1990s, during the communist area, according to most linguistic sources, Kashubian was regarded as the most distinct or one of the most distinct dialects of Polish (contemporary Polish is traditionally divided into Great Polish, Little Polish, Mazovian, Silesian, and Kashubian dialects). Those who regard Kashubian as a separate language classify it as a West Slavic languages (together with Polish, Upper and Lower Sorbian, Czech and Slovak), forming with Polish and extinct Polabian, a separate subgroup of so-called Lekhitic languages. <\/p>\n
Until 1989, it was prohibited by the Communist censorship to use the noun j\u0119zyk (Polish for „language“) in connection with Kashubian. Therefore, the Kashubian scholars, writers and activists used to call their ethnolect kaszubszczyzna („Kashubianness“) or mowa kaszubska („Kashubian speech“).<\/p>\n
Since 1989, Kashubian has upgraded its linguistic status significantly. The most important factors contributing to its present position have been: <\/p>\n
– Activities of the pan-Kashubian association Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie, founded in 1956,
\n– Translation of the New Testament – Kasz\u00ebbsk\u00f4 Bibl\u00ebj\u00f4 (1992) by F. Grucza and Swi\u0119t\u00e9 Pismiona Now\u00e9go Testame\u0144tu (1993) by E. Go\u0142\u0105bk,
\n– Agreement on a unified spelling system for literary Kashubian (cf. Breza & Treder 1984, G\u00f2\u0142\u0105bk 1997) (two competitive systems had been used prior to 1996),
\n– Continuous efforts on the part of Kashubian activists to have the language included in all legal acts pertaining to minority issues and official nomenclature,
\n– Organization of the 39th Congress of the Federal Union of European Nationalities in Gda\u0144sk in 1994,
\n– Organization of the 6th International Conference on Minority Languages in Gda\u0144sk in 1996 (cf. Synak & Wicherkiewicz 1997). <\/p>\n
The 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland contains two articles that pertain directly to minority rights, including their linguistic rights: <\/p>\n
„Art.27.
\nPolish shall be the official language of the Republic of Poland. This provision shall not infringe upon national minority rights resulting from ratified international agreements.
\n(\u2026)
\nArt.35.
\n1. The Republic of Poland shall ensure Polish citizens belonging to national or ethnic minorities the freedom to maintain and develop their own language, to maintain customs and traditions, and to develop their own culture.
\n2. National and ethnic minorities shall have the right to establish educational and cultural institutions and institutions designed to protect their religious identity, as well as to participate in the resolution of matters connected with their cultural identity.“ <\/p>\n
The 1999 Law on the Polish Language provides for the possibility to introduce a minority language as an „auxiliary“ language in those areas with a „considerable share of non-Polish population“, where minority languages could be used in bilingual place names, in personal first names and surnames, and occasionally in local administration. However, the law lacks appropriate executive regulations, nor does it contain any provisions for usage of minority languages in jurisdiction or state\/central administration. <\/p>\n
The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities was signed by Poland in 1995 and ratified in 2000. It has, however, no impact on the legal situation of the Kashubian language, since the (majority of) Kashubs are neither regarded nor regard themselves as a national minority. <\/p>\n
In 2003, the government of the Republic of Poland signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Its ratification will probably follow the adoption of Law on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language by the Polish Parliament. Chapter 4 (art. 17 and 18) of the most recent project as part of the latter contains the following provisions: <\/p>\n
„Art. 17:
\nThe regional language as understood by the law is the Kashubian language. The regulations of articles 7-14 will be applied respectively (those pertaining to the usage of minority languages in:
\n– the spelling of Christian names and family names, private and public life, the official sphere as auxiliary languages, information, as well as geographical names, street names, names of offices and institutions). <\/p>\n
Art. 18:
\n1. The educational rights of persons who speak the language mentioned in art.17 will be exercised on the basis of art. 15 (Article 15 pertains to the rights of persons belonging to minorities to be taught in their minority language and\/or in a minority language, as well as to be taught the history and culture of the minority group).
\n2. The persons who speak the language mentioned in art. 17 have the right to found and run schools and educational institutions that enable teaching of or in the language based on the general regulations.
\n3. The public authorities are obliged to undertake appropriate measures in order to support all activities aimed at the preservation and development of the language mentioned in art. 17 based on the general regulations.
\n4. The measures stated in \u00a73 may be granted from the budget of a territorial self-government unit to organizations and institutions that fulfil the tasks aimed at the preservation and development of the language mentioned in art. 17.“ <\/p>\n
The 1992 Law on radio and TV broadcasting contains a general obligation to meet the needs of national and ethnic minorities in public media. <\/p>\n
There is one TV program entirely in Kashubian, Rodn\u00f4 Zemia („motherland“), which is broadcast twice a week (10 minutes each) by the regional TV station in Gda\u0144sk. Regional TV programs in Gda\u00f1sk and S upsk contain materials in Kashubian and are broadcast twice a week for 23 and 20 minutes, respectively. <\/p>\n
Two radio programs (mainly) in Kashubian, Na b\u00f4tach \u00eb w b\u00f2rach („in boats and woods“) and Kl\u00ebka („news“), are broadcast once a week by the regional radio station in Gda\u0144sk (the former is repeated by the station in Chojnice) for 55 and 10 minutes, respectively. The radio station in Koszalin broadcasts weekly a 5-minute Kashubian news program. <\/p>\n
Kashubian radio programs are also available online, such as Wasze Radio („your radio“, http:\/\/www.waszeradio.prv. pl) and Domoce zw\u00e3czi („home bells“, http:\/\/www.sar.pg. gda.pl). <\/p>\n
status of language education<\/i><\/p>\n
The following legal acts are crucial to the status of education of and in minority languages in Poland:
\n– Law on the system of education of 1991, which grants pupils the right to maintain their national, ethnic, religious and linguistic identity, and in particular to be given classes in\/on their mother tongue, as well as their history and culture;
\n– Decree of the Minister of National Education and Sports on conditions and methods for enabling pupils belonging to national minorities and ethnic groups to maintain their national, ethnic and linguistic identity of 2002 (substituting the previous one issued in 1992, which pertained solely to „national minorities“; the former decree was applied also in relation to the Kashubian language group on the basis of an internal amendment by the then in-office Minister of Education). <\/p>\n
education system<\/i><\/p>\n
The present system of education in Poland has been in effect since September 1999, when the most significant education reform in the recent history of the country took place. School attendance is compulsory between the ages of 6 to 15-16. <\/p>\n
The education system in Poland is structured as follows: <\/p>\n
I. Kindergarten (przedszkole) \u2013 3-4 to 6-7 years
\nII. Primary school (szko\u0142a podstawowa) \u2013 6-7 to 12-13 years
\nIII. Lower secondary school (gimnazjum) \u2013 12-13 to 15-16 years
\nIV. Upper secondary school of general education (liceum og\u00f3lnokszta c ce) \u2013 15-16 to 18-19 years
\nor
\nVocational secondary school (technikum or liceum techniczne) \u201315-16 to 18-19 years
\nor
\nGeneral vocational\/trade school (zasadnicza szko\u0142a zawodowa) \u2013 additional 2 years after gimnazjum [to be abolished soon]
\nV. University (uniwersytet, akademia, wy\u017csza szko\u0142a) \u2013 18-19 to 23-24 years; some universities introduced two-degree study curricula: 3-year Bachelors degree program (studia licencjackie) followed by a 2-year Masters degree program (studia magisterskie)
\nVI. Postgraduate education: 4-year Ph.D. program (studia doktoranckie) or 1-2 year special graduate program (studia podyplomowe). <\/p>\n
private and public education<\/i><\/p>\n
In general, according to the Law on the System of Education, Polish educational institutions can act as public institutions, institutions founded by communities or foundations (spo\u0142eczne = „social“) or private establishments. At this time, there are no private schools providing education about\/in Kashubian. The existing schools in Kashubia are predominantly public or community ones (the first community school was the Community School of G odnica, in the municipality of Linia). <\/p>\n
bilingual education<\/i><\/p>\n
In the 1990s, only one primary school provided bilingual education in Polish and Kashubian to around 20 children (the community school in G odnica, municipality of Linia). Due to financial and educational restraints, the school has been transformed into a school with additional (although compulsory) education about the Kashubian language (3 hours a week). <\/p>\n
administration<\/i><\/p>\n
The pre-primary level of education (nursery and kindergarten) is not obligatory. It is organized, supervised and financed by the municipalities (gmina). The compulsory primary and lower secondary education is organized and financed by the communes from funding provided through the central education authorities. The upper secondary education is organized and financed by the counties from funding provided through the central education authorities. <\/p>\n
Higher educational institutions are autonomous but financed and supervised by the Ministry of National Education and Sports and Ministry of Science and Information Technology, except for specialized universities of medicine and agriculture, as well as academies of music and fine arts, and military academies which are supervised and financed by the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, Culture and Defence, respectively. <\/p>\n
inspections<\/i><\/p>\n
Lower and upper secondary schools are primarily supervised and controlled by the provincial Boards of Education (kuratoria o\u015bwiaty). <\/p>\n
2 Pre-school education<\/b><\/p>\n
target group<\/i><\/p>\n
This level of education is not compulsory in Poland. It is intended for children between 3-4 and 6 years of age. There are public kindergartens (run by communes), so-called social ones (run by associations), and private ones. Education for 6-year-olds became compulsory in September 2003 (cf. below). In 2000\/2001, 51.2% of 3 to 6-year olds attended pre-school; in 2002\/2003 this percentage dropped to 48%. The main reasons for the decrease are financial strains on the communes and parents; parents, for example, are personally responsible for transporting their pre-school children. In 2001\/2002, 89.7% of 6-year-olds attended the „zero classes“.<\/p>\n
structure<\/i><\/p>\n
Since September 2003, the Ministry of National Education and Sports decreed that all 6-year-olds must be included in the system of compulsory education – the communes should establish so-called „zero classes“ (zer\u00f3wka), either in public primary schools or in kindergartens. All of the „zero classes“ are expected to be taken over by kindergartens. Just before this decision came into force in 2002\/2003, 841 thousand children countrywide had attended „zero classes“, either in kindergartens or in primary schools. <\/p>\n
legislation<\/i><\/p>\n
The pre-school education (kindergartens) is organized according to the December 1999 Appendix „Framework statute of public kindergartens“ to the Decree of the Minister of National Education on changes in the framework statutes of public 6-year primary schools and public lower secondary schools. <\/p>\n
language use<\/i><\/p>\n
Kashubian is used during pre-school education in only 2 private kindergartens, attended by around 30 children. An early immersion language program, based on the experiences of similar programs in Wales, Brittany and Lusatia is planned to start in 2005, probably under the name P\u00f9f\u00f4tk (Kashubian for „Winnie the Pooh“). The first workshop devoted to this method is planned for late 2004. <\/p>\n
teaching materials<\/i><\/p>\n
There are no Kashubian-language teaching materials published. The kindergarten teachers produce some makeshift materials themselves for their own use. <\/p>\n
statistics<\/i><\/p>\n 3 Primary education<\/b><\/p>\n target group<\/i><\/p>\n In the Polish education system, primary education is followed directly by lower secondary school education, which is also compulsory. Primary education is intended for children ages 6 or 7 to 12-13 (exclusively from ages 7 to 13 in the future). Lower secondary school education includes children ages 12-13 to 15-16 (exclusively ages 13 to 16 in the future). Both levels are compulsory. <\/p>\n In the 2003\/2004 school year, almost 2.8 million pupils attended primary schools and 1.7 million attended lower secondary schools. In other words, a total of more than 4.6 million pupils are subject to these two compulsory levels of education. <\/p>\n structure<\/i><\/p>\n Every March, the school board of teachers takes the decision to introduce classes in Kashubian starting September 1st (start of the new school year), supported by a resolution of the School Board. Seven written applications from parents are required in order to open a class (or class section) with instruction in Kashubian. <\/p>\n The State provides funding for teaching Kashubian if its weekly provision amounts to 3 hours of classes. The subsidy rate for schools providing education in\/about minority languages is 120% the rate for other schools. If the number of pupils in such a school does not exceed 42, the rate increases to 150%. Funding for the first four months of language instruction, however, must be laid out by the municipality. In some cases, this amount may also be paid out by the Ministry of National Education and Sports at the start of the school year. <\/p>\n The teaching programs for primary and lower secondary schools providing Kashubian education were accepted by the Ministry of National Education and Sports in 2002. <\/p>\n legislation<\/i><\/p>\n Primary and lower secondary school education in Poland falls within the jurisdiction and supervision of the Ministry of National Education and Sports. It is compulsory for all children. The primary and lower secondary schools are organized and financed by the communes from funding provided through the Ministry. The most important laws relevant to primary, lower and upper secondary education (all three levels are generally dealt with together) are the September 1991 Law on the system of education, the January 1999 Law on regulations introducing the reform of the schooling system, with major amendments made in December in 2000, and with special respect to schools providing education in\/about minority languages \u2013 the December 2002 Decree of the Minister of National Education and Sports on conditions and methods of enabling pupils belonging to national minorities and ethnic groups to maintain their national, ethnic and linguistic identity. <\/p>\n language use<\/i><\/p>\n The respective subjects are labelled „Kashubian language“, „Kashubian language with elements of regional culture“, or „Regional education with elements of Kashubian language“ and are taught 3, 2, or 1 hour(s) a week. The languages of instruction are both Kashubian and Polish. <\/p>\n teaching materials<\/i><\/p>\n The first ever teaching materials for\/in Kashubian were published only recently, including a primer \u2013 (B\u00f2browsczi & Kwiatk\u00f2wsk\u00f4 2000), a primary school dictionary (Kwiatk\u00f2wsko & B\u00f2browsczi 2003), and other aids, such as a language course book for younger students \u2013 (Pioch 2001) and a teaching program and materials for language teachers \u2013 (Pioch 2000, Czedrowsk\u00f4, Pioch & Tr\u00e9der 2001). <\/p>\n statistics<\/i><\/p>\n A total of 5113 schoolchildren at the primary and lower secondary levels were provided with some form of Kashubian education at 82 schools. The tables below show the numbers of children who were provided with some form of Kashubian education and for how many hours a week. <\/p>\n 4 Secondary education<\/b><\/p>\n target group<\/i><\/p>\n Scondary education (understood here as upper secondary schools of general education) is not obligatory in Poland and is intended for pupils ages 15 or 16 to 18-19 (exclusively from ages 16 to 19 in the future). In 2003\/ 2004, nearly 923,000 pupils attended upper secondary schools (of general education). <\/p>\n structure<\/i><\/p>\n The regulations for introducing Kashubian classes are generally the same as in the case of primary\/lower secondary schools, the only difference being the number of written applications from pupils or pupils’ parents, namely 14. <\/p>\n The State provides funding for the teaching of Kashubian if its weekly provision amounts to 3 hours of classes. The subsidy rate for schools providing education in\/about minority languages is 120% the rate for other schools. If the number of pupils in such a school does not exceed 42, the rate increases to 150%. Funding for the first four months of language instruction must be provided by the commune. In some cases, this sum may also be paid out by the Ministry of National Education and Sports at the start of the school year. <\/p>\n The teaching programs for upper secondary schools providing Kashubian education were accepted by the Ministry of Education in Sports in 2002. <\/p>\n teaching materials<\/i><\/p>\n There is a language course book for the older classes, compiled by Cybulski & Wosiak-\u015aliwa in 2001. A teaching program and materials for language teachers were also developed by Czedrowsk\u00f4, Pioch & Tr\u00e9der in 2001. <\/p>\n legislation<\/i><\/p>\n As with the lower educational levels, upper secondary education in Poland falls under the jurisdiction and supervision of the Ministry of National Education and Sports. The upper secondary schools, however, are organized and financed by the counties (and not the municipalities) from funding provided by the Ministry. The most important laws relevant to upper secondary education are the same as with primary and lower secondary schools, since all three levels are generally dealt with together. <\/p>\n language use<\/i><\/p>\n In 2002\/2003, only 3 upper secondary schools provided Kashubian education of some kind: <\/p>\n one school \u2013 Kashubian language classes (3 hours a week) \u2013 66 students, A total of 312 students at the upper secondary level were provided with some form of Kashubian education. The languages of instruction in the Kashubian language classes are Kashubian and Polish. <\/p>\n statistics<\/i><\/p>\n 5 Vocational education<\/b><\/p>\n target group<\/i><\/p>\n Vocational education falls under the system of upper secondary education, as an alternative to upper secondary schools of general education. It is not obligatory in Poland and is intended for pupils ages 15 or 16 to 18-19 (exclusively from ages 16 to 19 in the future). <\/p>\n structure<\/i><\/p>\n The provisions for teaching Kashubian (as well as all other minority languages) are the same as in the upper secondary schools of general education (cf. above). <\/p>\n legislation<\/i><\/p>\n Vocational education in Poland falls into the category of upper secondary education and the regulations for the two types of schools are all the same. <\/p>\n language use<\/i><\/p>\n In 2002\/2003, only one vocational school of secondary level provided regional education classes with elements of Kashubian language (2 hours a week) for 26 students. <\/p>\n The teaching programs for vocational schools providing a Kashubian education were accepted by the Ministry of Education in Sports in 2002. The language of instruction during classes of regional education is predominantly Polish, with some interludes in Kashubian (songs, poems, literature excerpts, etc.). <\/p>\n statistics<\/i><\/p>\n There is only one vocational school with „regional education with elements of Kashubian language“ classes. The pupils at such schools are generally interested solely in technical subjects; even classes on the history of the Polish language are often neglected in the school curriculum. <\/p>\n 6 Higher education<\/b><\/p>\n structure<\/i><\/p>\n The institutions of higher education are autonomous, but financed and supervised by the Ministry of National Education and Sports and Ministry of Science and Information Technology, except for specialized universities of medicine and agriculture, as well as academies of music and fine arts, and military academies which are supervised and financed by the Ministries of Health, Agriculture, Culture and Defence, respectively. <\/p>\n All universities and so-called „high schools“ or „academies“ in the region of Kashubia are located in the Tri-City agglomeration (Gdansk, Sopot, Gdynia), except for the private Kashubian-Pomeranian High School in Wejherowo. The state universities are the University of Gda\u00f1sk, Academy of Music, University of Medicine, Academy of Fine Arts, University of Physical Education, Technical University of Gda\u0144sk, Naval Academy, Maritime Academy. There are two Diocesan Seminaries (in Gda\u0144sk and in Pelplin) as well as 13 private institutions of higher education. <\/p>\n language use<\/i><\/p>\n Since 1992, Kashubian has been taught as an elective language course at the University of Gda\u0144sk for students of Polish language and literature. <\/p>\n At the Diocesan Seminary in Pelplin, Kashubian is taught 2 hours a week every year as a language course to some 15 seminarists. <\/p>\n The only language course book for university students was published by Cybulski & Wosiak-\u015aliwa in 1992. <\/p>\n teacher training<\/i><\/p>\n 7 Adult education<\/b><\/p>\n The only forms of adult education in Kashubian are the above-mentioned qualification courses for teachers of Kashubian, as well as three editions of Regional and Alternative Education Courses, Postgraduate Courses on Pomeranian Studies as well as freelance courses on reading and writing in Kashubian. The language is taught predominantly through the medium of Polish. <\/p>\n In 2002\/2003, courses on Kashubian language and culture were organized in 3 centres (Gda\u0144sk, Kartuzy and W\u0142adys\u0142awowo) and attended by 46 participants. 8 Educational research<\/b><\/p>\n For political reasons, educational and sociolinguistic research of minority language communities has little developed since World War II. Questions related to ethnicity and minorities have not been included in population censuses since the 1930s. Research on Kashubian education is in fact limited to the Institute of Pedagogy at the University of Gda\u0144sk (cf. Kossak-G\u0142\u00f3wczewski 1999). <\/p>\n 7 Prospects<\/b><\/p>\n Recent research (cf. e.g. Iskierski & Latoszek 1996) has provided some reliable data on the situation of Kashubian. The results of the 2002 population census could be disappointing in that respect, but considering its pioneering character, unclear criteria and a certain lack of confidence as far as all national and\/or ethnic question are concerned, the number of 52,665 persons declaring Kashubian to be their home language is undoubtedly an important indicator for language planners and educational activists. <\/p>\n Taking into account that Kashubian was introduced (in a very modest way and dimension) as late as 1991, the total number of 5,451 pupils who are taught Kashubian (in any form) by 117 teachers is quite impressive. During the past 13 years, the most important obstacle to education about and in Kashubian has been abolished \u2013 namely the traditional school system. It was the school that imposed the conviction of the superiority of „urban Polish“ culture to „rural Kashubian“. Pupils and parents alike privately blamed the „backwardness“ of Kashubian with their children’s limited career options. A mental change has clearly taken place since then. 10 Summary statistics<\/b><\/p>\n Education system in Poland (Eurydice)<\/b><\/p>\n Addresses<\/b><\/p>\n Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie Uniwersytet Gda\u0144ski Uniwersytet Gda\u0144ski [University of Gda\u0144sk] Instytut Kaszubski [Kashubian Institute] Centrum Edukacji Nauczycieli Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej i Sportu; Departament Kszta\u0142cenia i Wychowania Online sources<\/b><\/p>\n –\thttp:\/\/www.kaszubia.com (general information on Kashubian in Kashubian, Polish and German) References and further reading<\/b><\/p>\n Acta Cassubiana 1999-2003. Vol. I-IV. Gda\u0144sk: Instytut Kaszubski. <\/p>\n B\u00f2browsczi, Wito\u0142d & Katarz\u00ebna Kwiatk\u00f2wsk\u00f4 2000. Kasz\u00ebbscz\u00e9 abecad\u0142o \u2013 tw\u00f3j pierszi eleme\u0144t\u00f4rz [„Kashubian ABC \u2013 your first primer“]. Gda\u0144sk: Dar Gda\u00f1ska. <\/p>\n Bobrowski, Marcin M., Marek Kwidzi\u0144ski & Hanna Toby (eds.) Cassubia Slavica. Internationales Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Kaschubische Studien 1. 2003. Hamburg: Cassubia Slavica e.V. <\/p>\n Borzyszkowski J\u00f3zef 2002. Die Kaschuben, Danzig und Pommern. Gda\u0144sk-Wejherowo: Instytut Kaszubski, Muzeum Pi\u015bmiennictwa i Muzyki Kaszubsko- Pomorskiej. <\/p>\n Borzyszkowski J\u00f3zef 2004. The Kashubs, Gda\u0144sk and Pomerania [translated by T. Wicherkiewicz]. Gda\u0144sk: Instytut Kaszubski [in print] <\/p>\n Borzyszkowski, J\u00f3zef & Dietmar Albrecht (eds.) 2000. Pomorze \u2013 ma\u0142a ojczyzna Kaszub\u00f3w (Historia i wsp\u00f3\u0142czesno ). Kaschubisch-Pommersche Heimat (Geschichte und Gegenwart). Gda\u0144sk-L\u00fcbeck: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie, Instytut Kaszubski, Ostsee Akademie<\/p>\n Borzyszkowski, J\u00f3zef, Jan Mordawski & Jerzy Treder 1999. Historia, geografia, j\u0119zyk i pi\u015bmiennictwo Kaszub\u00f3w. Historia, ge\u00f2grafia, j\u00e3z\u00ebk i pismienizna Kasz\u00ebb\u00f3w [„history, geography, language and literature of the Kashubs“]. Gda\u0144sk\/Gdu\u0144sk: M.Ro ak. <\/p>\n Bory\u015b, Wies\u0142aw & Hanna Popowska-Taborska 1994-2004. S\u0142ownik etymologiczny Kaszubszczyzny [„Etymological dictionary of Kashubian“]. Vol. I-V. Warszawa: Instytut Slawistyki PAN. <\/p>\n Breza, Edward 1998. „Das Kaschubische“, Einf\u00fchrung in die slavischen Sprachen, ed. P. Rehder, Darmstadt, p. 171-177. <\/p>\n Breza, Edward (ed.) 2001. Kaszubszczyzna \u2013 Kasz\u00ebbizna [„Kashubian“]. Opole: Uniwersytet Opolski. <\/p>\n Breza, Edward & Jerzy Treder 1981. Gramatyka kaszubska. Zarys popularny [„Popular outline of Kashubian grammar“]. Gda\u0144sk: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie. <\/p>\n Breza, Edward & Jerzy Treder 1984. Zasady pisowni kaszubskiej [„Rules of Kashubian spelling“]. Gda\u0144sk: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie. <\/p>\n Cybulski, Marek & R\u00f3\u017ca Wosiak-\u015aliwa 1992. Kaszubski j\u0119zyk literacki. Podr\u0119cznik dla lektorat\u00f3w [„Literary Kashubian \u2013 handbook for language courses“]. Gda\u0144sk: Graf. <\/p>\n Cybulski, Marek & R\u00f3 a Wosiak-\u015aliwa 2001. \u00d9czim\u00eb s\u00e3 p\u00f2 kasz\u00ebbsk\u00f9. Ksi\u0105ka pomocnicza dla klas starszych [„We learn Kashubian \u2013 handbook for older classes“]. Gda\u00f1sk: Oficyna Czec. <\/p>\n Czedrowsk\u00f4, Wanda, Danuta Pioch & Jerzy Tr\u00e9der 2001. \u00d9czba kasz\u00ebbscz\u00e9g\u00f2 j\u00e3z\u00ebka w szk\u00f2le. Materia \u00eb dl\u00f4 szk\u00f3ln\u00ebch [„Teaching Kashubian at school \u2013 materials for teachers“]. Gdu\u00f1sk: Oficyna Czec. <\/p>\n Drze\u017cd\u017con, Jan 1986. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna literatura kaszubska [„Contemporary Kashubian literature“]. Warszawa: Ludowa Sp\u00f3\u0142dzielnia Wydawnicza. <\/p>\n Go\u0142\u0105bk, Eugeniusz 1992. Rozm\u00f3wki kaszubskie [„Kashubian conversation guide“]. Gdynia: Arkun. <\/p>\n G\u00f2\u0142\u0105bk, Eugeniusz 1997. Wsk\u00f4z\u00eb kasz\u00ebbscz\u00e9g\u00f2 pis\u00ebnk\u00f9 [„Recommendations on Kashubian spelling“]. Gdu\u0144sk: Oficyna Czec. <\/p>\n Go\u0142\u0105bk, Eugeniusz & Eugeniusz Pryczkowski 1998. M\u00eb trzim\u00f3m\u00eb z B\u00f2g\u00e3. K\u00f2sceln\u00e9 m\u00f2dl\u00ebtw\u00eb i spi\u00e9w\u00eb [„We stick with God \u2013 church prayers and songs“]. Gdu\u0144sk: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie, ROST. <\/p>\n Iskierski, Janusz & Marek Latoszek 1995. „The Kashubian Ethnic Group in the Prologue to Change: Local and Regional Perspectives“, in: B. Synak (ed.) The Ethnic Identities of European Minorities. Gda\u00f1sk: Uniwersytet Gda\u0144ski. Pp. 141-153. <\/p>\n Kasz\u00ebbsk\u00f4 Bibl\u00ebj\u00f4. Nowi testament. IV Ewanjelje [„Kashubian Bible. New Testament. 4 Gospels“; translated by Franciszek Grucza] 1992. Pozna\u0144: Hlondianum. <\/p>\n Kwiatk\u00f2wsk\u00f4, Katarz\u00ebna & Wito\u0142d B\u00f2browsczi 2003. Tw\u00f3j pierszi s\u0142ow\u00f4rz – s\u0142ow\u00f4rz kasz\u00ebbsk\u00f2-p\u00f2lsczi [„Your first vocabulary \u2013 Kashubian-Polish vocabulary“]. Gda\u0144sk: Dar Gda\u0144ska. <\/p>\n Kossak-G\u0142\u00f3wczewski, Kazimierz 1999. Edukacja regionalna mniejszo\u015bci narodowych i etnicznych [„regional education of national and ethnic minorities“]. Gda\u0144sk: Uniwersytet Gda\u0144ski. <\/p>\n Labuda, Aleksander 1960. S\u0142owniczek kaszubski [„Small dictionary of Kashubian“]. Warszawa: PZWS. <\/p>\n Labuda, Aleksander 1981. S\u0142ownik polsko-kaszubski. S\u0142ow\u00f4rz kasz\u00ebbsko-polsczi [„Polish-Kashubian and Kashubian-Polish dictionary“]. Gda\u0144sk: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie. <\/p>\n Lorentz, F. 1925. Geschichte der pomoranischen (kaschubischen) Sprache, Berlin-Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter & Co. <\/p>\n Lorentz, F. 1926. Geschichte der Kaschuben, Berlin: R. Hobbing. <\/p>\n Lorentz, F. et al. 1935. The Cassubian civilization, London: Faber & Faber. <\/p>\n Lorentz, F. 1958-83. Pomoranisches W\u00f6rterbuch, I-V (II-V continued by F. Hinze), Berlin: Akademie Verlag. <\/p>\n Majewicz, Alfred F. 1996. „Kashubian choices, Kashubian prospects: a minority language situation in northern Poland“, in: J. Fishman, S. Gustavsson & Z. Star\u00fd (eds.) International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Vol. 120. Minority languages in Central Europe. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 39-53. <\/p>\n Majewicz, Alfred F. & Tomasz Wicherkiewicz 1990. „National Minority Languages in Media and Education in Poland“, in: D. Gorter et al. (eds.) Fourth International Conference on Minority Languages. Vol. II. Western and Eastern European Papers. Clevedon- Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters. p. 149-174. <\/p>\n Mistarz, Renata 2003. „Zasady nauczania i finansowania nauczania j\u0119zyka kaszubskiego“ [„Principles of education and financing of education in Kashubian“]. http:\/\/www. zk-p.pl\/misc\/rm_orgnaucz.htm<\/p>\n Neureiter, Ferdinand 1973. Kaschubische Anthologie. M\u00fcnchen: Verlag Otto Sagner Perkowski, J.L. 1969. A Kashubian idiolect in the United States, Bloomington-The Hague. <\/p>\n Pioch, Danuta 2000. Program do nauczania j\u0119zyka kaszubskiego z elementami wiedzy o Kaszubach [„Program of teaching Kashubian with elements of regional education“]. Gda\u00f1sk: Oficyna Czec. <\/p>\n Pioch, Danuta 2001. Kasz\u00ebb\u00eb \u2013 zemia i l\u00ebdze. Podr\u0119cznik [„Kashubia \u2013 handbook of land and people“]. Gda\u0144sk: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie, Oficyna Czec. <\/p>\n Popowska-Taborska, Hanna. 1997. „The present-day linguistic situation in Kashubia“, in: Synak & Wicherkiewicz 1997, p. 317-321. <\/p>\n Ramu\u0142t, Stefan 2003. S\u0142ownik j\u0119zyka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego. [„Dictionary of Pomeranian, i.e. Kashubian“; ed. J. Treder]. Gda\u0144sk: Uniwersytet Gda\u0144ski, Oficyna Czec, Muzuem Pi\u015bmiennictwa i Muzyki Kaszubsko- Pomorskiej. <\/p>\n Stieber, Zdzis\u0142aw et al. 1964-1978. Atlas j\u0119zykowy kaszubszczyzny i dialekt\u00f3w s\u0105siednich [„Linguistic atlas of Kashubian and neighbouring dialects“]. Vol. I-XV. Wroc\u0142aw-Warszawa-Krak\u00f3w: Ossolineum. <\/p>\n Stone, Gerald 1972. „The language of Cassubian literature and the question of the literary standard“, The Slavonic and the East-European Review, p. 521-529. <\/p>\n Stone, Gerald 1993. „Cassubian“, in: B. Comrie & G.G. Corbets (eds.) The Slavonic Languages. London & New York: Routledge, p. 759-794. <\/p>\n Swi\u0119t\u00e9 Pismiona Now\u00e9go Testame\u0144tu [„Holy Scripts of the New Testament“; translated by Eugeniusz Go\u0142\u0105bk] 1993. Gdu\u0144sk-Pelplin: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie, Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne. <\/p>\n Sychta Bernard 1967-1976. S\u0142ownik gwar kaszubskich na tle kultury ludowej [„Dictionary of Kashubian dialects and folk culture“]. Vol. I-VII. Warszawa – Wroc\u0142aw – Krak\u00f3w: PAN. <\/p>\n Synak, Brunon 1995. „The Kashubs’ Ethnic Identity: Continuity and Change“, in: B. Synak (ed.) The Ethnic Identities of European Minorities. Gda\u0144sk: Uniwersytet Gda\u00f1ski, p. 155-166. <\/p>\n Synak, Brunon & Tomasz Wicherkiewicz (eds.) 1997. Language Minorities and Minority Languages in the Changing Europe. Gda\u00f1sk: Uniwersytet Gda\u0144ski. <\/p>\n Topoli\u0144ska, Z. 1974. A historical phonology of the Kashubian dialects of Polish, The Hague \u2013 Paris: Walter de Gruyter & Co. <\/p>\n Topoli\u0144ska, Z. 1980. „Kashubian“, The Slavic literary languages: formation and development, eds. A.M. Schenker and E. Stankiewicz, New Haven: Yale Russian and East European publications, No. 1, p. 183-194. <\/p>\n Treder, Jerzy 1997. „Polish-Kashubian“. In: H. Goebl et al. (eds.) Kontaktlinguistik. Contact Linguistics. Linguistique de contact. Vol.2. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter, p. 1600-1606. <\/p>\n Treder, Jerzy & Edward Breza 2000, „Sytuacja socjolingwistyczna kaszubszczyzny“ [„Sociolinguistic situation of Kashubian“], in: R.Mr\u00f3zek (ed.) Kultura-J\u0119zyk-Edukacja. Vol. 3. Katowice: Uniwersytet \u015al\u0105ski. <\/p>\n Treder Jerzy 2002. J\u0119zyk kaszubski. Poradnik encyklopedyczny [„Kashubian language \u2013 an encyclopedical outline“]. Gda\u0144sk: Uniwersytet Gda\u0144ski, Oficyna Czec. <\/p>\n Trepczyk, Jan 1994. S\u0142ownik polsko-kaszubski [„Polish- Kashubian dictionary“]. Vol. I-II. Gda\u0144sk: Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie. <\/p>\n Wicherkiewicz, Tomasz 2000. „Kashubian“, in: J. Wirrer (ed.) Minderheiten- und Regionalsprachen in Europa. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, p. 213-221. <\/p>\n Wicherkiewicz, Tomasz 2001. „Kashubian in Poland“, in: P. Winther (ed.) Lesser-Used Languages in States Applying for EU Membership. Luxembourg: European Parliament. Education and Culture Series EDUC 106 EN Rev.1, p.92-94. <\/p>\n Zieniukowa, Jadwiga 1997. „On the Languages of Small Ethnic Groups \u2013 the Case of Sorbian and Kashubian“, in: Synak & Wicherkiewicz (ed.). Language Minorities and Minority Languages in the Changing Europe. Gda\u00f1sk: Uniwersytet Gda\u0144ski. <\/p>\n Zieniukowa, J. 2004. Kashubian- forming the literary standard, to be released in: Bobrowski, M. M., M. Kwidzi\u0144ski & H. Toby (eds.) Cassubia Slavica. Internationales Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Kaschubische Studien 2. 2004. Hamburg: Cassubia Slavica e.V. <\/p>\n Endnotes<\/b><\/p>\n 1 The corresponding historical German names of the county towns are provided for German- speaking readers: Danzig, Gdingen, Neustadt, Putzig, Lauenburg, B\u00fctow, Karthaus, Berent and Konitz. Other websites on minority languages<\/b><\/p>\n Mercator<\/i><\/p>\n www.mercator-central.org Mercator-Education<\/i><\/p>\n www.mercator-education.org Mercator-Media<\/i><\/p>\n www.aber.ac.uk\/~merc\/ Mercator-Legislation<\/i><\/p>\n www.ciemen.org\/mercator European Union<\/i><\/p>\n http:\/\/europa.eu.int\/comm\/education\/langmin.html Council of Europe<\/i><\/p>\n http:\/\/conventions.coe. int\/ Eurydice<\/i><\/p>\n www.eurydice.org EBLUL<\/i><\/p>\n www.eblul.org\/ Eurolang<\/i><\/p>\n www.eurolang.net What can Mercator offer you?<\/b><\/p>\n website<\/i><\/p>\n www.mercator-education.org<\/p>\n network<\/i><\/p>\n Mercator-Education is part of an information service and research network of three centres. They provide reliable and in-depth information on regional or minority languages in co-operation with many experts throughout Europe. Mercator-Education is hosted at the Fryske Akademy, Leeuwarden. Mercator-Media resides at the University of Wales (Aberystwyth) and Mercator-Legislation at Ciemen (Barcelona). <\/p>\n newsletter<\/i><\/p>\n An electronic newsletter with current developments concerning regional or minority lanugages in education is distributed to people and organisations. <\/p>\n Q&A<\/i><\/p>\n Through the Question and Answer Service we can inform you about any subject related to education in minority or regional languages in the European Union. <\/p>\n publications <\/i><\/p>\n Regional dossiers are published on a regular base to provide basic information on schooling in minority language regions in the European Union. <\/p>\n The latest Mercator Guide to Organisations (MGO) was published in 1998. It contains some 500 relevant addresses of institutes and services. <\/p>\n During the years we have published our extended studies on pre-primary education, primary education, teacher training and learning materials. Topical case studies and a selective bibliography have also been published. A list of all our publications is available. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" This document was published by Mercator-Education with financial support from the Fryske Akademy and the European Commission (DG XXII: Education, Training and Youth) <\/p>\n NL ISSN: 1570-1239<\/br> The contents of this publication may be reproduced in print, except for commercial purposes, provided that the extract is proceeded by a complete reference to Mercator-Education: European network for regional or minority languages and education.<\/br> This regional dossier was originally compiled by dr. Tomasz Wicherkiewicz, Department of Language Policy and Minority Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Pozna\u0144.<\/p>\n Very helpful comments have been supplied by drs. Hania Toby, Department of Slavic Languages, University of Groningen. Unless stated otherwise the data reflects the situation 2003-2004.<\/p>\n Acknowledgements<\/i><\/p>\n The author wishes to express his gratitude to Alie van der Schaaf, Tsjerk Bottema, Hania Toby, Renata Mistarz, Arkadiusz Goli\u0144ski and Janusz Kowalski.<\/p>\n Tsjerk Bottema has been responsible for the publication of the Mercator regional dossiers series from January 2004 onwards.<\/p>\n\n
\n \n Year\n <\/td>\n \n Percentage\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n 2000\/2001\n <\/td>\n \n 51.2%\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n 2002\/2003\n <\/td>\n \n 48%\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Year\n <\/td>\n \n Percentage\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n 2001\/2002\n <\/td>\n \n 89,7%\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Year\n <\/td>\n \n Kindergartens\n <\/td>\n \n Children\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n 2002\/2003\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n around 30\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Year\n <\/td>\n \n Primary schools\n <\/td>\n \n Lower secondary schools\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n 2003\/2004\n <\/td>\n \n 2,857 thousand\n <\/td>\n \n 1,694 thousand\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Subject\n <\/td>\n \n Number of schools\n <\/td>\n \n House per week\n <\/td>\n \n Number of children\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 4\n <\/td>\n \n total: 2,951\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 31\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 18\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 52\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language and regional culture\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n total: 358\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 6\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Regional education with elements of Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 4\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n total: 1,358\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 5\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 4\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 13\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Subject\n <\/td>\n \n Number of schools\n <\/td>\n \n Hours per week\n <\/td>\n \n Number of children\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 5\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n total: 179\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 7\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language and regional culture\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n total: 159\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 3\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Regional education with elements of Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n total: 108\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n total: 4\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
\none school \u2013Kashubian language and regional classes (2 hours a week) \u2013 232 students,
\none school \u2013regional education classes with elements of Kashubian language (1 hour a week) \u2013 14 students. <\/p>\n\n
\n \n Year\n <\/td>\n \n Pupils\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n 2003\/2004\n <\/td>\n \n 923 thousand\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Subject\n <\/td>\n \n Number of schools\n <\/td>\n \n Hours \/ week\n <\/td>\n \n Number of pupils\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n 66\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language and regional culture\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 232\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Regional education with elements of Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 14\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 3\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n 312\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Subject\n <\/td>\n \n Hours \/ week\n <\/td>\n \n Number of schools\n <\/td>\n \n Number of pupils\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Regional education with elements of Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 26\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Qualified teachers\n <\/td>\n \n 25\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Graduates of the first edition of the course for teachers\n <\/td>\n \n 41\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Students of the second edition of the course for teachers\n <\/td>\n \n 51\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
\nThe so-called „Kashubian Folk Universities“ in Wie yca and Starbienino do not organize language courses of any kind. <\/p>\n
\nIn spite of this, linguistic research on Kashubian has been carried out at the Universities of Gda\u0144sk and Pozna\u0144, the Silesian University in Katowice, the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the Institute of Slavistics in Warsaw. The Kashubian Institute as an independent scholarly institution was founded in 1998. It publishes the annual Acta Cassubiana. Since 2003, Cassubia Slavica has been published in Hamburg as an international annual of Kashubian studies (cf. Bobrowski, Kwidzi\u0144ski & Toby 2003; http:\/\/www.cassubia-slavica.com). Kashubian studies are also carried out at three universities abroad: University of Oxford (Prof. Gerald Stone), University of Tartu \/ Estonia (Prof. Alexandr Duli\u010denko) and the University of Groningen \/ Netherlands (drs. Hania Toby). <\/p>\n
\nFurther development of Kashubian education undoubtedly depends on the efforts of regional activists and the further training of qualified teachers. Crucial in that respect are also the ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by Poland, preceded by the internal Law on national and ethnic minorities and on regional language. <\/p>\n\n
\n \n Year\n <\/td>\n \n Kindergartens\n <\/td>\n \n Children\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n 2002\/2003\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n around 30\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Subject\n <\/td>\n \n Number of schools\n <\/td>\n \n House per week\n <\/td>\n \n Number of children\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 4\n <\/td>\n \n total: 2,951\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 31\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 18\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 52\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language and regional culture\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n total: 358\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 6\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Regional education with elements of Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 4\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n total: 1,358\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 5\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 4\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 13\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Subject\n <\/td>\n \n Number of schools\n <\/td>\n \n Hours per week\n <\/td>\n \n Number of children\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 5\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n total: 179\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 7\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language and regional culture\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n total: 159\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 3\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Regional education with elements of Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n total: 108\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n total: 4\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Subject\n <\/td>\n \n Number of schools\n <\/td>\n \n Hours \/ week\n <\/td>\n \n Number of pupils\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 3\n <\/td>\n \n 66\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Kashubian language and regional culture\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 2\n <\/td>\n \n 232\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Regional education with elements of Kashubian language\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 1\n <\/td>\n \n 14\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n<\/td>\n \n total: 3\n <\/td>\n \n<\/td>\n \n 312\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n \n
\n \n Qualified teachers\n <\/td>\n \n 25\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Graduates of the first edition of the course for teachers\n <\/td>\n \n 41\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n Students of the second edition of the course for teachers\n <\/td>\n \n 51\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n ![\"Education](\"tabela.jpg\" "\\"Education")
<\/p>\n
\nZarz\u0105d G\u0142\u00f3wny & Komisja O\u015bwiaty
\n[Kashubian-Pomeranian Association;
\nHeadquarters & Commission of Education]
\nul. Straganiarska 20-23
\nPL- 80-837 Gda\u0144sk
\nTel. +48 58 3012731
\nFax +48 58 3462613
\nE-mail: zkp@kaszubi.pl
\ndomkaszubski@wp.pl
\nhttp:\/\/www.kaszubi.pl
\nhttp:\/\/www.zk-p.pl\/xoops<\/p>\n
\nInstytut Filologii Polskiej
\n[University of Gda\u0144sk;
\nInstitute of Polish Philology]
\nul. Wita Stwosza 55
\nPL- 80-952 Gda\u0144sk
\nTel. +48 58 5529185
\nE-mail: ifpug@univ.gda.pl<\/p>\n
\nPodyplomowe Studium Kwalifikacyjne
\nPedagogiczno-Metodyczne J\u0119zyka Kaszubskiego
\n[Postgraduate qualification course for teachers of Kashubian]
\nul. Wita Stwosza 55
\nPL- 80-952 Gda\u0144sk
\nTel. +48 58 5529661<\/p>\n
\nul. Straganiarska 20-22
\nPL- 80-837 Gda\u0144sk
\nTel. +48 58 3462327, 3462231
\nFax. +48 58 3462613
\nE-mail: instytutkaszubski@wp.pl
\nhttp:\/\/instytut-kaszubski.webpark.pl<\/p>\n
\n[Centre for Teachers’ Education]
\nul. gen. J. Hallera 14
\nPL- 80-401 Gda\u0144sk
\nTel. +48 58 3419373, 3404100
\nFax +48 58 3410763
\nE-mail: cen@cen.gda.pl
\nhttp:\/\/nowaedu.cen.gda.pl
\nhttp:\/\/nowaedu.cen.gda.pl\/konsultanci\/!regionalna\/regionalna.htm<\/p>\n
\n[Ministry of National Education and Sports; Department of Education]
\nal. Szucha 25
\nPL- 00-918 Warszawa
\nhttp:\/\/www.men.waw.pl\/oswiata
\nhttp:\/\/www.men.waw.pl\/oswiata\/biezace\/ar-2001-2\/ed_regio.htm<\/p>\n
\n– http:\/\/www.zk-p.pl, http:\/\/www.kaszubi.pl (official websites of the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association; in Polish and Kashubian)
\n– http:\/\/odroda.zk-p.pl (online newspaper in Kashubian)
\n– http:\/\/www.rastko.net\/rastko-ka (multilingual website on Kashubia, Kashubian, and Kashubs)
\n– http:\/\/www.czetnica.kaszubia.com (collection of Kashubian literature; in Kashubian)
\n– http:\/\/uk.groups.yahoo.com\/group\/Pomeranian_Griffin (Pomeranian history, culture, geography, genealogy and projects; in English, German, Low German, Kashubian, Polish)
\n– http:\/\/groups.yahoo.com\/group\/kaszebsko (multilingual discussion group on Kashubia; in Kashubian, Polish, German, English)
\n– http:\/\/www.ka-na.org (website of the Kashubian Association of North America; in English) <\/p>\n
\nNeureiter, Ferdinand 1991. Geschichte der kaschubischen Literatur. Versuch einer zusammenfassenden Darstellung. M\u00fcnchen: Verlag Otto Sagner. <\/p>\n
\n2 German names: Stolp, Lauenburg and B\u00fctow
\n3 Official census of the German state
\n4 Official census of the German state
\n5 According to Meillet, Antoine 1928. Les langues dans l’Europe nouvelle. Paris.
\n6 According to Kloss, Heinz & G.D. McConell 1984. Linguistic Composition of the Nations of the World. Vol.5. Europe and the USSR. Qu\u00e9bec.
\n7 The definition of „nationality“ was provided: Nationality is everybody’s declarative (i.e. based on an subjective feeling) individual feature which expresses one’s emotional, cultural or genealogical affiliation with a specific nation.
\n8 The Census included a total of 38,230,080 inhabitants of the country, 37,529,751 of whom were Polish citizens, 492,176 of whom reported a non-Polish language as one of the languages used most often at home and 46,559 of whom reported a non-Polish language as the only language used at home.
\n9 The Kashubs have successfully applied for recognition as an „ethnic minority“.
\n10 The adjective „Kashubian“ indicates here the regional, not ethnic, affiliation. <\/p>\n
\nGeneral site of the Mercator-project. It will lead you to the three specialized centres: <\/p>\n
\nHomepage of Mercator-Education: European Network for regional or minority languages and education. The site contains the series of regional dossiers, a database with organisations and bibliography and many rated links to minority languages. <\/p>\n
\nHomepage of Mercator-Media. It provides information on media and minority languages in the EU. <\/p>\n
\nHomepage of Mercator-Legislation. It provides information on minority languages and legislation in the EU. <\/p>\n
\nAt the website of the European Union an explanation is given of its support for regional or minority languages. <\/p>\n
\nEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. (1992) and Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1995) European Treaty Series\/S\u00e9rie des trait\u00e9s europ\u00e9ens ETS 148 and 157, Strasbourg. <\/p>\n
\nEurydice is the information network on education in Europe. The site provides information on all European education systems and education policies. <\/p>\n
\nHomepage of the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages. This site provides general information on lesser used languages as well as on projects, publications and events. <\/p>\n
\nEurolang provides coverage of the concerns felt in the minority language regions in the European Union. Eurolang is EBLUL’s news service<\/p>\n
\n\u00a9 Mercator-Education, 2004<\/b><\/p>\n
\nMercator-Education
\nP.O. Box 54
\n8900 AB Ljouwert\/Leeuwarden
\nThe Netherlands
\ntel. +31- 58-2131414
\nfax: + 31 – 58-2131409
\ne-mail: mercator@fa.knaw.nl
\nwebsite:\/\/www.mercator-education.org<\/p>\n